The cave was discovered by Philippos Hatzaridis on 10 May 1959 and became known for its paleontological and paleoanthropological findings already since 1960, after a resident of Petralona named Ch. Sarigiannidis discovered by luck inside the cave, the renowned fossilized human skull. The value of this finding and its uniqueness gave reason to a series of works inside and outside of the cave. The stony and bony findings are of great importance and consist the first proofs of residence in the Greek geographical space.

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Archelaus transferred the capital of the Kingdom of Macedonia from Aiges to Pella. The city thrived during the period of the successors of Alexander the Great who brought untold treasures from Asia. During the first period of the excavations, Agora, the palaces, the sanctuaries, the cemeteries and the plantations were discovered.

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During the Age of the Macedonians, Amphipolis was designated to a very powerful city within the Macedonian kingdom, with domestic autonomy and important financial and cultural prosperity. The excavations have revealed a quite large part of the city walls and some of the sanctuaries, as well as the private and public buildings of the city. After the conquest of Macedonia by the Romans (168 B.C.) Amphipolis is defined as the capital of the first part of Macedonia.

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